Many people are familiar with face recognition technology through FaceID, which is used to unlock iPhones (but this is only one application of face recognition). Typically, facial recognition does not rely on a large database of photos to identify an individual - it simply identifies a person as the unique owner of a device while restricting access to others.
In addition to unlocking a phone, facial recognition works by matching the face of a person walking past a special camera with an image of a person on a watch list. The watch list can contain pictures of anyone, including people not suspected of any inappropriate behavior, and the images can come from anywhere - even from our social media accounts. Facial technology systems may vary, but in general, they operate as follows.
The camera detects and locates an image of a person's face, either alone or in a crowd. The image may show the person looking straight ahead or looking sideways.
Next, the face image is captured and analyzed. Most facial recognition technologies rely on 2D rather than 3D images because it is easier to match 2D images with public photos or photos in a database. The software will read the geometry of your face. Key factors include the distance between the eyes, the depth of the eye sockets, the distance from the forehead to the chin, the shape of the cheekbones, and the contours of the lips, ears, and chin. The goal is to identify the facial landmarks that are critical to distinguishing the face.
The facial capture process converts analog information (a face) into a set of digital information (data) based on a person's facial features. Your facial analysis essentially becomes a mathematical equation. The digital code is called a facial print. Just like fingerprints are unique, each person has his or her own faceprint.
Your facial print is then compared to a database of other known faces. For example, the FBI has access to up to 650 million photos from databases in every state. On Facebook, any photo labeled with a name becomes part of the Facebook database, which can also be used for facial recognition. If your facial fingerprint matches an image in the facial recognition database, a determination is made.
Of all the biometric measurements, facial recognition is considered the most natural. Intuitively, this makes sense because we usually identify ourselves and others by looking at faces rather than fingerprints and irises. It is estimated that more than half of the world's population is regularly exposed to facial recognition technology.
Google has integrated this technology into Google Photos and uses it to sort images.
Apple uses facial recognition to help users quickly unlock their phones, log into apps and make purchases.
Snapchat is one of the pioneers of facial recognition software: it allows brands and organizations to create filters to shape users' faces - hence the ubiquitous puppy face and flower crown filters seen on social media.
Facebook began using facial recognition in the U.S. in 2010 when it used its tag suggestion tool to automatically tag people in photos.
MAC makeup is using facial recognition technology in some of its brick-and-mortar stores, allowing customers to virtually "try on" makeup using in-store augmented reality mirrors.
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